article published yes Mengzhu Chen author Shanti Shwarup Mahto author Xiaogang He author Changhyun Jun author Athanasios Paschalis author Nadav Peleg author Giuseppe Mascaro author Simone Fatichi author cf8e546b-a9b0-11f0-a43b-aa89ed1b56d6 Extreme rainfall events that break previous records are occurring more frequently worldwide, leading to severe flooding and infrastructure damage. Conventional flood design approaches, based on extreme value analysis (EVA) of limited historical data, often fail to anticipate such unprecedented extremes. Here, we present a stochastic approach that leverages the Advanced Weather Generator (AWE-GEN) to simulate a large ensemble of 100-year hourly rainfall time series, explicitly accounting for internal climate variability. By excluding the record-breaking event year during calibration, we assess the ability of our proposed method to reproduce unseen record-breaking events. We evaluated this approach using data from 2703 rain stations across nine countries. Our results show that the stochastic approach captures record-breaking events more reliably than EVA, achieving success rates exceeding 85% for 3–12-hour durations at a 100-year return period threshold. This framework provides a more robust way for estimating rainfall extremes and supports the design of resilient infrastructure under deep uncertainty. Springer Nature2025 eng 2948-210010.1038/s44304-025-00148-6 2 yes M. Chen <i>et al.</i>, “Record-breaking rainfall: a stochastic approach for its prediction,” <i>npj Natural Hazards</i>, vol. 2. Springer Nature, 2025. Chen M, Mahto SS, He X, et al. Record-breaking rainfall: a stochastic approach for its prediction. <i>npj Natural Hazards</i>. 2025;2. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s44304-025-00148-6">10.1038/s44304-025-00148-6</a> Chen M, Mahto SS, He X, Jun C, Paschalis A, Peleg N, Mascaro G, Fatichi S. 2025. Record-breaking rainfall: a stochastic approach for its prediction. npj Natural Hazards. 2, 98. Chen, M., Mahto, S. S., He, X., Jun, C., Paschalis, A., Peleg, N., … Fatichi, S. (2025). Record-breaking rainfall: a stochastic approach for its prediction. <i>Npj Natural Hazards</i>. Springer Nature. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s44304-025-00148-6">https://doi.org/10.1038/s44304-025-00148-6</a> M. Chen, S.S. Mahto, X. He, C. Jun, A. Paschalis, N. Peleg, G. Mascaro, S. Fatichi, Npj Natural Hazards 2 (2025). Chen, Mengzhu, et al. “Record-Breaking Rainfall: A Stochastic Approach for Its Prediction.” <i>Npj Natural Hazards</i>, vol. 2, 98, Springer Nature, 2025, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s44304-025-00148-6">10.1038/s44304-025-00148-6</a>. Chen, Mengzhu, Shanti Shwarup Mahto, Xiaogang He, Changhyun Jun, Athanasios Paschalis, Nadav Peleg, Giuseppe Mascaro, and Simone Fatichi. “Record-Breaking Rainfall: A Stochastic Approach for Its Prediction.” <i>Npj Natural Hazards</i>. Springer Nature, 2025. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s44304-025-00148-6">https://doi.org/10.1038/s44304-025-00148-6</a>. 225862026-07-27T12:30:25Z2026-08-12T08:59:35Z