---
DOAJ_listed: '1'
OA_place: publisher
OA_type: gold
PlanS_conform: '1'
_id: '22637'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: The distribution of entanglement across distant qubits is a central challenge
for the operation of scalable quantum computers and large-scale quantum networks.
Existing approaches rely on deterministic state transfer, or probabilistic protocols
that require active control or measurements and postselection. Here, we demonstrate
a fundamentally different, fully autonomous process, where two remote qubits are
entangled through their coupling to a quantum-correlated photonic reservoir. In
our experiment, a Josephson parametric converter produces a Gaussian, continuous-variable
entangled state of propagating microwave fields that drives two spatially separated
superconducting transmon qubits into a stationary, discrete-variable entangled
state. We also show how qubit tomography unlocks a direct and sensitive verification
of two-mode squeezing in the microwave domain. These results establish networks
of qubits interfaced with distributed continuous-variable entangled states as
a powerful platform for foundational studies and quantum-technology applications.
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: M-Shop
- _id: NanoFab
acknowledgement: We thank A. Trioni and C. N. Borja for assistance in device fabrication,
C. Siegele for fruitful discussions, IBM for donating the JPC used in this work,
and the MIBA machine shop and the ISTA nanofabrication facility for technical support.
This work was funded in part by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) through the excellence
cluster quantA 10.55776/COE1 and the SFB BeyondC 10.55776/F71, as well as the European
Union—NextGenerationEU, and ISTA. J. F. and L. K. acknowledge support from the Horizon
Europe Program HORIZON-CL4-2022-QUANTUM-01-SGA via Project No. 101113946 OpenSuperQPlus100,
and J. F. from the European Research Council No. 101089099 (ERC CoG cQEO). J. A.
acknowledges support from the QUANTERA project MOLAR with reference No. PCI2024-153449,
funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and the European Union. This research
is part of the Munich Quantum Valley, which is supported by the Bavarian state government
with funds from the Hightech Agenda Bayern Plus.
article_number: '031005'
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Alejandro
full_name: Andres Juanes, Alejandro
id: 7601fd3a-5355-11ee-ae5a-a20ca6f3cfb9
last_name: Andres Juanes
- first_name: J.
full_name: Agustí, J.
last_name: Agustí
- first_name: Riya
full_name: Sett, Riya
id: 2E6D040E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Sett
orcid: 0000-0001-7641-8348
- first_name: Elena
full_name: Redchenko, Elena
id: 2C21D6E8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Redchenko
- first_name: Lucky
full_name: Kapoor, Lucky
id: 84b9700b-15b2-11ec-abd3-831089e67615
last_name: Kapoor
orcid: 0000-0001-8319-2148
- first_name: Samarth
full_name: Hawaldar, Samarth
id: 221708e1-1ff6-11ee-9fa6-85146607433e
last_name: Hawaldar
orcid: 0000-0002-1965-4309
- first_name: P.
full_name: Rabl, P.
last_name: Rabl
- first_name: Johannes M
full_name: Fink, Johannes M
id: 4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Fink
orcid: 0000-0001-8112-028X
citation:
ama: Andres Juanes A, Agustí J, Sett R, et al. Distributing stationary qubit entanglement
through a nonlocal squeezed reservoir. Physical Review X. 2026;16(3). doi:10.1103/r4jt-j39w
apa: Andres Juanes, A., Agustí, J., Sett, R., Redchenko, E., Kapoor, L., Hawaldar,
S., … Fink, J. M. (2026). Distributing stationary qubit entanglement through a
nonlocal squeezed reservoir. Physical Review X. American Physical Society.
https://doi.org/10.1103/r4jt-j39w
chicago: Andres Juanes, Alejandro, J. Agustí, Riya Sett, Elena Redchenko, Lucky
Kapoor, Samarth Hawaldar, P. Rabl, and Johannes M Fink. “Distributing Stationary
Qubit Entanglement through a Nonlocal Squeezed Reservoir.” Physical Review
X. American Physical Society, 2026. https://doi.org/10.1103/r4jt-j39w.
ieee: A. Andres Juanes et al., “Distributing stationary qubit entanglement
through a nonlocal squeezed reservoir,” Physical Review X, vol. 16, no.
3. American Physical Society, 2026.
ista: Andres Juanes A, Agustí J, Sett R, Redchenko E, Kapoor L, Hawaldar S, Rabl
P, Fink JM. 2026. Distributing stationary qubit entanglement through a nonlocal
squeezed reservoir. Physical Review X. 16(3), 031005.
mla: Andres Juanes, Alejandro, et al. “Distributing Stationary Qubit Entanglement
through a Nonlocal Squeezed Reservoir.” Physical Review X, vol. 16, no.
3, 031005, American Physical Society, 2026, doi:10.1103/r4jt-j39w.
short: A. Andres Juanes, J. Agustí, R. Sett, E. Redchenko, L. Kapoor, S. Hawaldar,
P. Rabl, J.M. Fink, Physical Review X 16 (2026).
corr_author: '1'
das_tickbox: '1'
dataavailabilitystatement: The data that support the findings of this article are
openly available https://zenodo.org/records/19099731.
date_created: 2026-08-03T13:19:31Z
date_published: 2026-07-13T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2026-08-04T09:18:57Z
day: '13'
ddc:
- '530'
department:
- _id: JoFi
- _id: GradSch
doi: 10.1103/r4jt-j39w
file:
- access_level: open_access
checksum: 2bab109f975545d096c21dd72c738b6e
content_type: application/pdf
creator: dernst
date_created: 2026-08-04T05:40:41Z
date_updated: 2026-08-04T05:40:41Z
file_id: '22640'
file_name: 2026_PhysicalReviewX_AndresJuanes.pdf
file_size: 5301241
relation: main_file
success: 1
file_date_updated: 2026-08-04T05:40:41Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: ' 16'
issue: '3'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '07'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
project:
- _id: bdb108fd-d553-11ed-ba76-83dc74a9864f
grant_number: F07105
name: QUANTUM INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEYOND CLASSICAL CAPABILITIES / P5- Integration
of Superconducting Quantum Circuits
- _id: bdadfa0d-d553-11ed-ba76-fb85edbd456a
grant_number: '101089099'
name: 'Cavity Quantum Electro Optics: Microwave photonics with nonclassical states'
publication: Physical Review X
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- 2160-3308
publication_status: published
publisher: American Physical Society
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
link:
- description: News on ISTA website
relation: press_release
url: https://ista.ac.at/en/news/quantum-bath-syncs-distant-qubits/
researchdata_availability: yes
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
supplementarymaterial: yes
title: Distributing stationary qubit entanglement through a nonlocal squeezed reservoir
tmp:
image: /images/cc_by.png
legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: ba8df636-2132-11f1-aed0-ed93e2281fdd
volume: 16
year: '2026'
...