---
res:
  bibo_abstract:
  - We present the number density of massive (log(M*/Mo)> 10.3) quiescent galaxies
    at 2 < z < 5 using JWST NIRSpec PRISM spectra. This work relies on spectra from
    RUBIES, which provides excellent data quality and an unparalleled, well-defined
    targeting strategy to robustly infer physical properties and number densities.
    We identify quiescent galaxy candidates within RUBIES through principal component
    analysis and construct a final sample using star formation histories derived from
    spectrophotometric fitting of the NIRSpec PRISM spectra and NIRCam photometry.
    By inverting the RUBIES selection function, we correct for survey incompleteness
    and calculate the number density of massive quiescent galaxies at these redshifts,
    providing the most complete spectroscopic estimates prior to cosmic noon to date.
    We find that early massive quiescent galaxies are surprisingly common (≳10−5 Mpc−3
    by 4 < z < 5), which is consistent with previous studies based on JWST photometry
    alone and/or in smaller survey areas. We compare our number densities with predictions
    from six state-of-the-art cosmological galaxy formation simulations. At z > 3,
    most simulations fail to produce enough massive quiescent galaxies, suggesting
    the treatment of feedback and/or the channels for early efficient formation are
    incomplete in most galaxy evolution models.@eng
  bibo_authorlist:
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Yunchong
      foaf_name: Zhang, Yunchong
      foaf_surname: Zhang
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Anna
      foaf_name: De Graaff, Anna
      foaf_surname: De Graaff
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: David J.
      foaf_name: Setton, David J.
      foaf_surname: Setton
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Sedona H.
      foaf_name: Price, Sedona H.
      foaf_surname: Price
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Rachel
      foaf_name: Bezanson, Rachel
      foaf_surname: Bezanson
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Claudia
      foaf_name: Del P. Lagos, Claudia
      foaf_surname: Del P. Lagos
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Sam E.
      foaf_name: Cutler, Sam E.
      foaf_surname: Cutler
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Ian
      foaf_name: Mcconachie, Ian
      foaf_surname: Mcconachie
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Nikko J.
      foaf_name: Cleri, Nikko J.
      foaf_surname: Cleri
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Olivia R.
      foaf_name: Cooper, Olivia R.
      foaf_surname: Cooper
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Rashmi
      foaf_name: Gottumukkala, Rashmi
      foaf_surname: Gottumukkala
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Jenny E.
      foaf_name: Greene, Jenny E.
      foaf_surname: Greene
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Michaela
      foaf_name: Hirschmann, Michaela
      foaf_surname: Hirschmann
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Gourav
      foaf_name: Khullar, Gourav
      foaf_surname: Khullar
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Ivo
      foaf_name: Labbe, Ivo
      foaf_surname: Labbe
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Joel
      foaf_name: Leja, Joel
      foaf_surname: Leja
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Michael V.
      foaf_name: Maseda, Michael V.
      foaf_surname: Maseda
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Jorryt J
      foaf_name: Matthee, Jorryt J
      foaf_surname: Matthee
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=7439a258-f3c0-11ec-9501-9df22fe06720
    orcid: 0000-0003-2871-127X
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Tim B.
      foaf_name: Miller, Tim B.
      foaf_surname: Miller
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Themiya
      foaf_name: Nanayakkara, Themiya
      foaf_surname: Nanayakkara
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Katherine A.
      foaf_name: Suess, Katherine A.
      foaf_surname: Suess
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Bingjie
      foaf_name: Wang, Bingjie
      foaf_surname: Wang
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Katherine E.
      foaf_name: Whitaker, Katherine E.
      foaf_surname: Whitaker
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Christina C.
      foaf_name: Williams, Christina C.
      foaf_surname: Williams
  bibo_doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ae24e1
  bibo_issue: '2'
  bibo_volume: 997
  dct_date: 2026^xs_gYear
  dct_isPartOf:
  - http://id.crossref.org/issn/0004-637X
  - http://id.crossref.org/issn/1538-4357
  dct_language: eng
  dct_publisher: IOP Publishing@
  dct_title: RUBIES spectroscopically confirms the high number density of quiescent
    galaxies from2<z<5@
...