---
res:
  bibo_abstract:
  - Dispersal is advantageous, but, at the same time, it implies high costs and risks.
    Due to these counteracting selection pressures, many species evolved dispersal
    polymorphisms, which, in ants, are typically restricted to the female sex (queens).
    Male polymorphism is presently only known from a few genera, such as Cardiocondyla,
    in which winged dispersing males coexist with wingless fighter males that mate
    exclusively inside their maternal nests. We studied the developmental mechanisms
    underlying these alternative male morphs and found that, first, male dimorphism
    is not genetically determined, but is induced by environmental conditions (decreasing
    temperature and density). Second, male morph is not yet fixed at the egg stage,
    but it differentiates during larval development. This flexible developmental pattern
    of male morphs allows Cardiocondyla ant colonies to react quickly to changes in
    their environment. Under good conditions, they invest exclusively in philopatric
    wingless males. But, when environmental conditions turn bad, colonies start to
    produce winged dispersal males, even though these males require a many times higher
    investment by the colony than their much smaller wingless counterparts. Cardiocondyla
    ants share this potential of optimal resource allocation with other colonial animals
    and some seed dimorphic plants.@eng
  bibo_authorlist:
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Sylvia
      foaf_name: Cremer, Sylvia
      foaf_surname: Cremer
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
    orcid: 0000-0002-2193-3868
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Jürgen
      foaf_name: Heinze, Jürgen
      foaf_surname: Heinze
  bibo_doi: 10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00012-5
  bibo_issue: '3'
  bibo_volume: 13
  dct_date: 2003^xs_gYear
  dct_language: eng
  dct_publisher: Elsevier@
  dct_title: 'Stress grows wings: Environmental induction of winged dispersal males
    in Cardiocondyla ants@'
  fabio_hasPubmedId: '12573217'
...