{"status":"public","day":"01","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0039-7989 "]},"date_published":"2003-06-01T00:00:00Z","external_id":{"pmid":[" 12775527"]},"quality_controlled":"1","publication":"Systematic Biology","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"issue":"3","article_processing_charge":"No","abstract":[{"text":"The phylogeny of Crocodylia offers an unusual twist on the usual molecules versus morphology story. The true gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) and the false gharial (Tomistoma schlegelii), as their common names imply, have appeared in all cladistic morphological analyses as distantly related species, convergent upon a similar morphology. In contrast, all previous molecular studies have shown them to be sister taxa. We present the first phylogenetic study of Crocodylia using a nuclear gene. We cloned and sequenced the c-myc proto-oncogene from Alligator mississippiensis to facilitate primer design and then sequenced an 1,100-base pair fragment that includes both coding and noncoding regions and informative indels for one species in each extant crocodylian genus and six avian outgroups. Phylogenetic analyses using parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference all strongly agreed on the same tree, which is identical to the tree found in previous molecular analyses: Gavialis and Tomistoma are sister taxa and together are the sister group of Crocodylidae. Kishino-Hasegawa tests rejected the morphological tree in favor of the molecular tree. We excluded long-branch attraction and variation in base composition among taxa as explanations for this topology. To explore the causes of discrepancy between molecular and morphological estimates of crocodylian phylogeny, we examined puzzling features of the morphological data using a priori partitions of the data based on anatomical regions and investigated the effects of different coding schemes for two obvious morphological similarities of the two gharials.","lang":"eng"}],"publisher":"Oxford University Press","publist_id":"1110","user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","scopus_import":"1","doi":"10.1080/10635150390197028","citation":{"ista":"Harshman J, Huddleston C, Bollback JP, Parsons T, Braun M. 2003. True and false gharials: A nuclear gene phylogeny of crocodylia. Systematic Biology. 52(3), 386–402.","mla":"Harshman, John, et al. “True and False Gharials: A Nuclear Gene Phylogeny of Crocodylia.” <i>Systematic Biology</i>, vol. 52, no. 3, Oxford University Press, 2003, pp. 386–402, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150390197028\">10.1080/10635150390197028</a>.","short":"J. Harshman, C. Huddleston, J.P. Bollback, T. Parsons, M. Braun, Systematic Biology 52 (2003) 386–402.","apa":"Harshman, J., Huddleston, C., Bollback, J. P., Parsons, T., &#38; Braun, M. (2003). True and false gharials: A nuclear gene phylogeny of crocodylia. <i>Systematic Biology</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150390197028\">https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150390197028</a>","chicago":"Harshman, John, Christopher Huddleston, Jonathan P Bollback, Thomas Parsons, and Michael Braun. “True and False Gharials: A Nuclear Gene Phylogeny of Crocodylia.” <i>Systematic Biology</i>. Oxford University Press, 2003. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150390197028\">https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150390197028</a>.","ama":"Harshman J, Huddleston C, Bollback JP, Parsons T, Braun M. True and false gharials: A nuclear gene phylogeny of crocodylia. <i>Systematic Biology</i>. 2003;52(3):386-402. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150390197028\">10.1080/10635150390197028</a>","ieee":"J. Harshman, C. Huddleston, J. P. Bollback, T. Parsons, and M. Braun, “True and false gharials: A nuclear gene phylogeny of crocodylia,” <i>Systematic Biology</i>, vol. 52, no. 3. Oxford University Press, pp. 386–402, 2003."},"type":"journal_article","year":"2003","author":[{"last_name":"Harshman","full_name":"Harshman, John","first_name":"John"},{"full_name":"Huddleston, Christopher","last_name":"Huddleston","first_name":"Christopher"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-4624-4612","first_name":"Jonathan P","id":"2C6FA9CC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Bollback","full_name":"Bollback, Jonathan P"},{"first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Parsons","full_name":"Parsons, Thomas"},{"first_name":"Michael","full_name":"Braun, Michael","last_name":"Braun"}],"title":"True and false gharials: A nuclear gene phylogeny of crocodylia","_id":"4350","volume":52,"month":"06","date_updated":"2024-01-23T08:53:58Z","page":"386 - 402","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:08:24Z","extern":"1","intvolume":"        52","acknowledgement":"We thank Lou Densmore and Herb Dessauer for crocodylian tissue\r\nsamples. Dave Swofford, Jim Wilgenbusch, and Kevin de Queiroz gave\r\nus much helpful advice. Dave also allowed us to use an experimental\r\nversion of PAUP∗ with partitioned likelihood, and Jim also provided\r\nprograms to make possible partitioned model KH tests. Chris Brochu\r\nand Lou Densmore sent us preprints of their papers in press, and Chris\r\nprovided an unpublished version of his morphological data set. Allan\r\nBaker, Lou Densmore, and an anonymous reviewer provided useful\r\ncomments on the manuscript. We especially wish to acknowledge Chris\r\nBrochu’s help; although we remain in disagreement on many points,\r\nhis comments on several previous drafts have greatly improved this\r\npaper.","article_type":"original","publication_status":"published","pmid":1,"oa_version":"None"}