---
res:
  bibo_abstract:
  - 'Background: Reassortment between the RNA segments encoding haemagglutinin (HA)
    and neuraminidase (NA), the major antigenic influenza proteins, produces viruses
    with novel HA and NA subtype combinations and has preceded the emergence of pandemic
    strains. It has been suggested that productive viral infection requires a balance
    in the level of functional activity of HA and NA, arising from their closely interacting
    roles in the viral life cycle, and that this functional balance could be mediated
    by genetic changes in the HA and NA. Here, we investigate how the selective pressure
    varies for H7 avian influenza HA on different NA subtype backgrounds. Results:
    By extending Bayesian stochastic mutational mapping methods to calculate the ratio
    of the rate of non-synonymous change to the rate of synonymous change (d N/d S),
    we found the average d N/d S across the avian influenza H7 HA1 region to be significantly
    greater on an N2 NA subtype background than on an N1, N3 or N7 background. Observed
    differences in evolutionary rates of H7 HA on different NA subtype backgrounds
    could not be attributed to underlying differences between avian host species or
    virus pathogenicity. Examination of d N/d S values for each subtype on a site-by-site
    basis indicated that the elevated d N/d S on the N2 NA background was a result
    of increased selection, rather than a relaxation of selective constraint. Conclusions:
    Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that reassortment exposes influenza
    HA to significant changes in selective pressure through genetic interactions with
    NA. Such epistatic effects might be explicitly accounted for in future models
    of influenza evolution.@eng'
  bibo_authorlist:
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Melissa
      foaf_name: Ward, Melissa
      foaf_surname: Ward
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Samantha
      foaf_name: Lycett, Samantha
      foaf_surname: Lycett
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Dorita
      foaf_name: Avila, Dorita
      foaf_surname: Avila
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Jonathan P
      foaf_name: Bollback, Jonathan P
      foaf_surname: Bollback
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=2C6FA9CC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
    orcid: 0000-0002-4624-4612
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Andrew
      foaf_name: Leigh Brown, Andrew
      foaf_surname: Leigh Brown
  bibo_doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-222
  bibo_issue: '1'
  bibo_volume: 13
  dct_date: 2013^xs_gYear
  dct_identifier:
  - UT:000326620200001
  dct_language: eng
  dct_publisher: BioMed Central@
  dct_title: Evolutionary interactions between haemagglutinin and neuraminidase in
    avian influenza@
...