---
_id: '500'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'Background: Reassortment between the RNA segments encoding haemagglutinin
    (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), the major antigenic influenza proteins, produces
    viruses with novel HA and NA subtype combinations and has preceded the emergence
    of pandemic strains. It has been suggested that productive viral infection requires
    a balance in the level of functional activity of HA and NA, arising from their
    closely interacting roles in the viral life cycle, and that this functional balance
    could be mediated by genetic changes in the HA and NA. Here, we investigate how
    the selective pressure varies for H7 avian influenza HA on different NA subtype
    backgrounds. Results: By extending Bayesian stochastic mutational mapping methods
    to calculate the ratio of the rate of non-synonymous change to the rate of synonymous
    change (d N/d S), we found the average d N/d S across the avian influenza H7 HA1
    region to be significantly greater on an N2 NA subtype background than on an N1,
    N3 or N7 background. Observed differences in evolutionary rates of H7 HA on different
    NA subtype backgrounds could not be attributed to underlying differences between
    avian host species or virus pathogenicity. Examination of d N/d S values for each
    subtype on a site-by-site basis indicated that the elevated d N/d S on the N2
    NA background was a result of increased selection, rather than a relaxation of
    selective constraint. Conclusions: Our results are consistent with the hypothesis
    that reassortment exposes influenza HA to significant changes in selective pressure
    through genetic interactions with NA. Such epistatic effects might be explicitly
    accounted for in future models of influenza evolution.'
acknowledgement: "This work was supported by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences
  Research Council, the Government of the Republic of Panama, the Interdisciplinary
  Centre for Human and Avian Influenza Research (www.ichair-flu.org) funded by the
  Scottish Funding Council, and the Institute for Science and Technology Austria.\r\nCC
  BY 2.0\r\n"
article_number: '222'
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Melissa
  full_name: Ward, Melissa
  last_name: Ward
- first_name: Samantha
  full_name: Lycett, Samantha
  last_name: Lycett
- first_name: Dorita
  full_name: Avila, Dorita
  last_name: Avila
- first_name: Jonathan P
  full_name: Bollback, Jonathan P
  id: 2C6FA9CC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Bollback
  orcid: 0000-0002-4624-4612
- first_name: Andrew
  full_name: Leigh Brown, Andrew
  last_name: Leigh Brown
citation:
  ama: Ward M, Lycett S, Avila D, Bollback JP, Leigh Brown A. Evolutionary interactions
    between haemagglutinin and neuraminidase in avian influenza. <i>BMC Evolutionary
    Biology</i>. 2013;13(1). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-222">10.1186/1471-2148-13-222</a>
  apa: Ward, M., Lycett, S., Avila, D., Bollback, J. P., &#38; Leigh Brown, A. (2013).
    Evolutionary interactions between haemagglutinin and neuraminidase in avian influenza.
    <i>BMC Evolutionary Biology</i>. BioMed Central. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-222">https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-222</a>
  chicago: Ward, Melissa, Samantha Lycett, Dorita Avila, Jonathan P Bollback, and
    Andrew Leigh Brown. “Evolutionary Interactions between Haemagglutinin and Neuraminidase
    in Avian Influenza.” <i>BMC Evolutionary Biology</i>. BioMed Central, 2013. <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-222">https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-222</a>.
  ieee: M. Ward, S. Lycett, D. Avila, J. P. Bollback, and A. Leigh Brown, “Evolutionary
    interactions between haemagglutinin and neuraminidase in avian influenza,” <i>BMC
    Evolutionary Biology</i>, vol. 13, no. 1. BioMed Central, 2013.
  ista: Ward M, Lycett S, Avila D, Bollback JP, Leigh Brown A. 2013. Evolutionary
    interactions between haemagglutinin and neuraminidase in avian influenza. BMC
    Evolutionary Biology. 13(1), 222.
  mla: Ward, Melissa, et al. “Evolutionary Interactions between Haemagglutinin and
    Neuraminidase in Avian Influenza.” <i>BMC Evolutionary Biology</i>, vol. 13, no.
    1, 222, BioMed Central, 2013, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-222">10.1186/1471-2148-13-222</a>.
  short: M. Ward, S. Lycett, D. Avila, J.P. Bollback, A. Leigh Brown, BMC Evolutionary
    Biology 13 (2013).
date_created: 2018-12-11T11:46:49Z
date_published: 2013-10-09T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2025-09-30T07:28:51Z
day: '09'
ddc:
- '576'
department:
- _id: JoBo
doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-222
external_id:
  isi:
  - '000326620200001'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: 52cf48a7c1794676ae8b0029573a84a9
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: system
  date_created: 2018-12-12T10:08:59Z
  date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:46:36Z
  file_id: '4722'
  file_name: IST-2018-941-v1+1_2013_Bollback_Evolutionary_interactionspdf.pdf
  file_size: 1150052
  relation: main_file
file_date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:46:36Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        13'
isi: 1
issue: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '10'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
publication: BMC Evolutionary Biology
publication_status: published
publisher: BioMed Central
publist_id: '7320'
pubrep_id: '941'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Evolutionary interactions between haemagglutinin and neuraminidase in avian
  influenza
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 317138e5-6ab7-11ef-aa6d-ffef3953e345
volume: 13
year: '2013'
...