@article{7117,
  abstract     = {We propose a novel generic shape optimization method for CAD models based on the eXtended Finite Element Method (XFEM). Our method works directly on the intersection between the model and a regular simulation grid, without the need to mesh or remesh, thus removing a bottleneck of classical shape optimization strategies. This is made possible by a novel hierarchical integration scheme that accurately integrates finite element quantities with sub-element precision. For optimization, we efficiently compute analytical shape derivatives of the entire framework, from model intersection to integration rule generation and XFEM simulation. Moreover, we describe a differentiable projection of shape parameters onto a constraint manifold spanned by user-specified shape preservation, consistency, and manufacturability constraints. We demonstrate the utility of our approach by optimizing mass distribution, strength-to-weight ratio, and inverse elastic shape design objectives directly on parameterized 3D CAD models.},
  author       = {Hafner, Christian and Schumacher, Christian and Knoop, Espen and Auzinger, Thomas and Bickel, Bernd and Bächer, Moritz},
  issn         = {0730-0301},
  journal      = {ACM Transactions on Graphics},
  number       = {6},
  publisher    = {ACM},
  title        = {{X-CAD: Optimizing CAD Models with Extended Finite Elements}},
  doi          = {10.1145/3355089.3356576},
  volume       = {38},
  year         = {2019},
}