---
_id: '7985'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: The goal of limiting global warming to 1.5 °C requires a drastic reduction
    in CO2 emissions across many sectors of the world economy. Batteries are vital
    to this endeavor, whether used in electric vehicles, to store renewable electricity,
    or in aviation. Present lithium-ion technologies are preparing the public for
    this inevitable change, but their maximum theoretical specific capacity presents
    a limitation. Their high cost is another concern for commercial viability. Metal–air
    batteries have the highest theoretical energy density of all possible secondary
    battery technologies and could yield step changes in energy storage, if their
    practical difficulties could be overcome. The scope of this review is to provide
    an objective, comprehensive, and authoritative assessment of the intensive work
    invested in nonaqueous rechargeable metal–air batteries over the past few years,
    which identified the key problems and guides directions to solve them. We focus
    primarily on the challenges and outlook for Li–O2 cells but include Na–O2, K–O2,
    and Mg–O2 cells for comparison. Our review highlights the interdisciplinary nature
    of this field that involves a combination of materials chemistry, electrochemistry,
    computation, microscopy, spectroscopy, and surface science. The mechanisms of
    O2 reduction and evolution are considered in the light of recent findings, along
    with developments in positive and negative electrodes, electrolytes, electrocatalysis
    on surfaces and in solution, and the degradative effect of singlet oxygen, which
    is typically formed in Li–O2 cells.
acknowledgement: "S.A.F. is indebted to the European Research Council (ERC) under
  the European Union’s\r\nHorizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement
  No 636069)."
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: review
author:
- first_name: WJ
  full_name: Kwak, WJ
  last_name: Kwak
- first_name: D
  full_name: Sharon, D
  last_name: Sharon
- first_name: C
  full_name: Xia, C
  last_name: Xia
- first_name: H
  full_name: Kim, H
  last_name: Kim
- first_name: LR
  full_name: Johnson, LR
  last_name: Johnson
- first_name: PG
  full_name: Bruce, PG
  last_name: Bruce
- first_name: LF
  full_name: Nazar, LF
  last_name: Nazar
- first_name: YK
  full_name: Sun, YK
  last_name: Sun
- first_name: AA
  full_name: Frimer, AA
  last_name: Frimer
- first_name: M
  full_name: Noked, M
  last_name: Noked
- first_name: Stefan Alexander
  full_name: Freunberger, Stefan Alexander
  id: A8CA28E6-CE23-11E9-AD2D-EC27E6697425
  last_name: Freunberger
  orcid: 0000-0003-2902-5319
- first_name: D
  full_name: Aurbach, D
  last_name: Aurbach
citation:
  ama: 'Kwak W, Sharon D, Xia C, et al. Lithium-oxygen batteries and related systems:
    Potential, status, and future. <i>Chemical Reviews</i>. 2020;120(14):6626-6683.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00609">10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00609</a>'
  apa: 'Kwak, W., Sharon, D., Xia, C., Kim, H., Johnson, L., Bruce, P., … Aurbach,
    D. (2020). Lithium-oxygen batteries and related systems: Potential, status, and
    future. <i>Chemical Reviews</i>. American Chemical Society. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00609">https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00609</a>'
  chicago: 'Kwak, WJ, D Sharon, C Xia, H Kim, LR Johnson, PG Bruce, LF Nazar, et al.
    “Lithium-Oxygen Batteries and Related Systems: Potential, Status, and Future.”
    <i>Chemical Reviews</i>. American Chemical Society, 2020. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00609">https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00609</a>.'
  ieee: 'W. Kwak <i>et al.</i>, “Lithium-oxygen batteries and related systems: Potential,
    status, and future,” <i>Chemical Reviews</i>, vol. 120, no. 14. American Chemical
    Society, pp. 6626–6683, 2020.'
  ista: 'Kwak W, Sharon D, Xia C, Kim H, Johnson L, Bruce P, Nazar L, Sun Y, Frimer
    A, Noked M, Freunberger SA, Aurbach D. 2020. Lithium-oxygen batteries and related
    systems: Potential, status, and future. Chemical Reviews. 120(14), 6626–6683.'
  mla: 'Kwak, WJ, et al. “Lithium-Oxygen Batteries and Related Systems: Potential,
    Status, and Future.” <i>Chemical Reviews</i>, vol. 120, no. 14, American Chemical
    Society, 2020, pp. 6626–83, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00609">10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00609</a>.'
  short: W. Kwak, D. Sharon, C. Xia, H. Kim, L. Johnson, P. Bruce, L. Nazar, Y. Sun,
    A. Frimer, M. Noked, S.A. Freunberger, D. Aurbach, Chemical Reviews 120 (2020)
    6626–6683.
date_created: 2020-06-19T08:42:47Z
date_published: 2020-03-05T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-09-05T12:04:28Z
day: '05'
ddc:
- '540'
department:
- _id: StFr
doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00609
external_id:
  isi:
  - '000555413600008'
  pmid:
  - '32134255'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: 1a683353d46c5841c8bb2ee0a56ac7be
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: sfreunbe
  date_created: 2020-06-29T16:36:01Z
  date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:48:06Z
  file_id: '8060'
  file_name: ChemRev_final.pdf
  file_size: 8525678
  relation: main_file
file_date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:48:06Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '       120'
isi: 1
issue: '14'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '03'
oa: 1
oa_version: Submitted Version
page: 6626-6683
pmid: 1
publication: Chemical Reviews
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1520-6890
  issn:
  - 0009-2665
publication_status: published
publisher: American Chemical Society
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: 'Lithium-oxygen batteries and related systems: Potential, status, and future'
type: journal_article
user_id: c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1
volume: 120
year: '2020'
...