---
res:
  bibo_abstract:
  - Cell migration is commonly accompanied by protrusion of membrane ruffles and lamellipodia.
    In two-dimensional migration, protrusion of these thin sheets of cytoplasm is
    considered relevant to both exploration of new space and initiation of nascent
    adhesion to the substratum. Lamellipodium formation can be potently stimulated
    by Rho GTPases of the Rac subfamily, but alsoby RhoG or Cdc42. Here we describe
    viable fibroblast cell lines geneticallydeficient for Rac1 that lack detectable
    levels of Rac2 and Rac3. Rac-deficient cells were devoid of apparent lamellipodia,
    but these structures were restored by expression of either Rac subfamily member,
    but not by Cdc42 or RhoG. Cells deficient in Rac showed strong reduction in wound
    closure and random cell migration and a notable loss of sensitivity to a chemotactic
    gradient. Despite these defects, Rac-deficient cells were able to spread, formed
    filopodia and established focal adhesions. Spreading in these cells was achieved
    by the extension of filopodia followed by the advancement of cytoplasmic veils
    between them. The number and size of focal adhesions as well as their intensity
    were largely unaffected by genetic removal of Rac1. However, Rac deficiency increased
    the mobility of different components in focal adhesions, potentially explaining
    how Rac - although not essential - can contribute to focal adhesion assembly.
    Together, our data demonstrate that Rac signaling is essential for lamellipodium
    protrusion and for efficient cell migration, but not for spreading or filopodium
    formation. Our findings also suggest that Rac GTPases are crucial to the establishment
    or maintenance of polarity in chemotactic migration.@eng
  bibo_authorlist:
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Anika
      foaf_name: Steffen, Anika
      foaf_surname: Steffen
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Markus
      foaf_name: Ladwein, Markus
      foaf_surname: Ladwein
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Georgi A
      foaf_name: Georgi Dimchev
      foaf_surname: Dimchev
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=38C393BE-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Anke
      foaf_name: Hein, Anke
      foaf_surname: Hein
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Lisa
      foaf_name: Schwenkmezger, Lisa
      foaf_surname: Schwenkmezger
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Stefan
      foaf_name: Arens, Stefan
      foaf_surname: Arens
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Kathrin
      foaf_name: Ladwein, Kathrin I
      foaf_surname: Ladwein
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: J.
      foaf_name: Holleboom, J. Margit
      foaf_surname: Holleboom
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Florian
      foaf_name: Florian Schur
      foaf_surname: Schur
      foaf_workInfoHomepage: http://www.librecat.org/personId=48AD8942-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
    orcid: 0000-0003-4790-8078
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: John
      foaf_name: Small, John V
      foaf_surname: Small
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Janett
      foaf_name: Schwarz, Janett
      foaf_surname: Schwarz
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Ralf
      foaf_name: Gerhard, Ralf
      foaf_surname: Gerhard
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Jan
      foaf_name: Faix, Jan
      foaf_surname: Faix
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Theresia
      foaf_name: Stradal, Theresia E
      foaf_surname: Stradal
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Cord
      foaf_name: Brakebusch, Cord H
      foaf_surname: Brakebusch
  - foaf_Person:
      foaf_givenName: Klemens
      foaf_name: Rottner, Klemens
      foaf_surname: Rottner
  bibo_doi: 10.1242/jcs.118232
  bibo_issue: '20'
  bibo_volume: 126
  dct_date: 2013^xs_gYear
  dct_publisher: Company of Biologists@
  dct_title: Rac function is crucial for cell migration but is not required for spreading
    and focal adhesion formation@
...