---
_id: '8568'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Aqueous iodine based electrochemical energy storage is considered a potential
    candidate to improve sustainability and performance of current battery and supercapacitor
    technology. It harnesses the redox activity of iodide, iodine, and polyiodide
    species in the confined geometry of nanoporous carbon electrodes. However, current
    descriptions of the electrochemical reaction mechanism to interconvert these species
    are elusive. Here we show that electrochemical oxidation of iodide in nanoporous
    carbons forms persistent solid iodine deposits. Confinement slows down dissolution
    into triiodide and pentaiodide, responsible for otherwise significant self-discharge
    via shuttling. The main tools for these insights are in situ Raman spectroscopy
    and in situ small and wide-angle X-ray scattering (in situ SAXS/WAXS). In situ
    Raman confirms the reversible formation of triiodide and pentaiodide. In situ
    SAXS/WAXS indicates remarkable amounts of solid iodine deposited in the carbon
    nanopores. Combined with stochastic modeling, in situ SAXS allows quantifying
    the solid iodine volume fraction and visualizing the iodine structure on 3D lattice
    models at the sub-nanometer scale. Based on the derived mechanism, we demonstrate
    strategies for improved iodine pore filling capacity and prevention of self-discharge,
    applicable to hybrid supercapacitors and batteries.
article_number: '4838'
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Christian
  full_name: Prehal, Christian
  last_name: Prehal
- first_name: Harald
  full_name: Fitzek, Harald
  last_name: Fitzek
- first_name: Gerald
  full_name: Kothleitner, Gerald
  last_name: Kothleitner
- first_name: Volker
  full_name: Presser, Volker
  last_name: Presser
- first_name: Bernhard
  full_name: Gollas, Bernhard
  last_name: Gollas
- first_name: Stefan Alexander
  full_name: Freunberger, Stefan Alexander
  id: A8CA28E6-CE23-11E9-AD2D-EC27E6697425
  last_name: Freunberger
  orcid: 0000-0003-2902-5319
- first_name: Qamar
  full_name: Abbas, Qamar
  last_name: Abbas
citation:
  ama: Prehal C, Fitzek H, Kothleitner G, et al. Persistent and reversible solid iodine
    electrodeposition in nanoporous carbons. <i>Nature Communications</i>. 2020;11.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18610-6">10.1038/s41467-020-18610-6</a>
  apa: Prehal, C., Fitzek, H., Kothleitner, G., Presser, V., Gollas, B., Freunberger,
    S. A., &#38; Abbas, Q. (2020). Persistent and reversible solid iodine electrodeposition
    in nanoporous carbons. <i>Nature Communications</i>. Springer Nature. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18610-6">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18610-6</a>
  chicago: Prehal, Christian, Harald Fitzek, Gerald Kothleitner, Volker Presser, Bernhard
    Gollas, Stefan Alexander Freunberger, and Qamar Abbas. “Persistent and Reversible
    Solid Iodine Electrodeposition in Nanoporous Carbons.” <i>Nature Communications</i>.
    Springer Nature, 2020. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18610-6">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18610-6</a>.
  ieee: C. Prehal <i>et al.</i>, “Persistent and reversible solid iodine electrodeposition
    in nanoporous carbons,” <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 11. Springer Nature,
    2020.
  ista: Prehal C, Fitzek H, Kothleitner G, Presser V, Gollas B, Freunberger SA, Abbas
    Q. 2020. Persistent and reversible solid iodine electrodeposition in nanoporous
    carbons. Nature Communications. 11, 4838.
  mla: Prehal, Christian, et al. “Persistent and Reversible Solid Iodine Electrodeposition
    in Nanoporous Carbons.” <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 11, 4838, Springer
    Nature, 2020, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18610-6">10.1038/s41467-020-18610-6</a>.
  short: C. Prehal, H. Fitzek, G. Kothleitner, V. Presser, B. Gollas, S.A. Freunberger,
    Q. Abbas, Nature Communications 11 (2020).
corr_author: '1'
date_created: 2020-09-25T07:23:13Z
date_published: 2020-09-24T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2025-06-12T06:58:51Z
day: '24'
ddc:
- '530'
department:
- _id: StFr
doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-18610-6
external_id:
  isi:
  - '000573756600004'
  pmid:
  - '32973214'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: eada7bc8dd16a49390137cff882ef328
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2020-09-28T13:16:15Z
  date_updated: 2020-09-28T13:16:15Z
  file_id: '8585'
  file_name: 2020_NatureComm_Prehal.pdf
  file_size: 1822469
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2020-09-28T13:16:15Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        11'
isi: 1
keyword:
- General Biochemistry
- Genetics and Molecular Biology
- General Physics and Astronomy
- General Chemistry
language:
- iso: eng
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
month: '09'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
pmid: 1
publication: Nature Communications
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2041-1723
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Nature
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
  link:
  - relation: erratum
    url: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19720-x
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Persistent and reversible solid iodine electrodeposition in nanoporous carbons
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 11
year: '2020'
...