{"month":"06","date_updated":"2023-08-10T14:14:53Z","volume":10,"date_created":"2021-08-01T22:01:22Z","department":[{"_id":"SaSi"}],"title":"The influence of mitochondrial dynamics and function on retinal ganglion cell susceptibility in optic nerve disease","_id":"9761","author":[{"full_name":"Muench, Nicole A.","last_name":"Muench","first_name":"Nicole A."},{"first_name":"Sonia","last_name":"Patel","full_name":"Patel, Sonia"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-9642-1085","last_name":"Maes","full_name":"Maes, Margaret E","id":"3838F452-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Margaret E"},{"last_name":"Donahue","full_name":"Donahue, Ryan J.","first_name":"Ryan J."},{"full_name":"Ikeda, Akihiro","last_name":"Ikeda","first_name":"Akihiro"},{"full_name":"Nickells, Robert W.","last_name":"Nickells","first_name":"Robert W."}],"ddc":["570"],"license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","type":"journal_article","year":"2021","article_number":"1593","pmid":1,"publication_status":"published","oa_version":"Published Version","oa":1,"article_type":"original","acknowledgement":"The authors are grateful to Kazuya Oikawa and Gillian McLellan for generously sharing some of their data for this review, and to Janis Eells for helpful comments on the manuscript.","tmp":{"short":"CC BY (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png"},"isi":1,"intvolume":"        10","file":[{"file_id":"9768","file_name":"2021_Cells_Muench.pdf","success":1,"relation":"main_file","content_type":"application/pdf","date_created":"2021-08-04T14:01:30Z","date_updated":"2021-08-04T14:01:30Z","creator":"cziletti","access_level":"open_access","file_size":4555611,"checksum":"e0497ce5c77fa3b65a538c7d6e0f6c66"}],"has_accepted_license":"1","publication":"Cells","external_id":{"pmid":["34201955"],"isi":["000678193300001"]},"quality_controlled":"1","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["20734409"]},"date_published":"2021-06-25T00:00:00Z","day":"25","status":"public","citation":{"mla":"Muench, Nicole A., et al. “The Influence of Mitochondrial Dynamics and Function on Retinal Ganglion Cell Susceptibility in Optic Nerve Disease.” <i>Cells</i>, vol. 10, no. 7, 1593, MDPI, 2021, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10071593\">10.3390/cells10071593</a>.","ista":"Muench NA, Patel S, Maes ME, Donahue RJ, Ikeda A, Nickells RW. 2021. The influence of mitochondrial dynamics and function on retinal ganglion cell susceptibility in optic nerve disease. Cells. 10(7), 1593.","apa":"Muench, N. A., Patel, S., Maes, M. E., Donahue, R. J., Ikeda, A., &#38; Nickells, R. W. (2021). The influence of mitochondrial dynamics and function on retinal ganglion cell susceptibility in optic nerve disease. <i>Cells</i>. MDPI. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10071593\">https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10071593</a>","short":"N.A. Muench, S. Patel, M.E. Maes, R.J. Donahue, A. Ikeda, R.W. Nickells, Cells 10 (2021).","ama":"Muench NA, Patel S, Maes ME, Donahue RJ, Ikeda A, Nickells RW. The influence of mitochondrial dynamics and function on retinal ganglion cell susceptibility in optic nerve disease. <i>Cells</i>. 2021;10(7). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10071593\">10.3390/cells10071593</a>","ieee":"N. A. Muench, S. Patel, M. E. Maes, R. J. Donahue, A. Ikeda, and R. W. Nickells, “The influence of mitochondrial dynamics and function on retinal ganglion cell susceptibility in optic nerve disease,” <i>Cells</i>, vol. 10, no. 7. MDPI, 2021.","chicago":"Muench, Nicole A., Sonia Patel, Margaret E Maes, Ryan J. Donahue, Akihiro Ikeda, and Robert W. Nickells. “The Influence of Mitochondrial Dynamics and Function on Retinal Ganglion Cell Susceptibility in Optic Nerve Disease.” <i>Cells</i>. MDPI, 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10071593\">https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10071593</a>."},"doi":"10.3390/cells10071593","scopus_import":"1","file_date_updated":"2021-08-04T14:01:30Z","user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8","article_processing_charge":"Yes","issue":"7","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publisher":"MDPI","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The important roles of mitochondrial function and dysfunction in the process of neurodegeneration are widely acknowledged. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) appear to be a highly vulnerable neuronal cell type in the central nervous system with respect to mitochondrial dysfunction but the actual reasons for this are still incompletely understood. These cells have a unique circumstance where unmyelinated axons must bend nearly 90° to exit the eye and then cross a translaminar pressure gradient before becoming myelinated in the optic nerve. This region, the optic nerve head, contains some of the highest density of mitochondria present in these cells. Glaucoma represents a perfect storm of events occurring at this location, with a combination of changes in the translaminar pressure gradient and reassignment of the metabolic support functions of supporting glia, which appears to apply increased metabolic stress to the RGC axons leading to a failure of axonal transport mechanisms. However, RGCs themselves are also extremely sensitive to genetic mutations, particularly in genes affecting mitochondrial dynamics and mitochondrial clearance. These mutations, which systemically affect the mitochondria in every cell, often lead to an optic neuropathy as the sole pathologic defect in affected patients. This review summarizes knowledge of mitochondrial structure and function, the known energy demands of neurons in general, and places these in the context of normal and pathological characteristics of mitochondria attributed to RGCs. "}]}