The growth of the earliest supermassive black holes and their contribution to reionization

We discuss currently available observational constraints on the reionization history of the intergalactic medium (IGM), and the extent to which accreting black holes (BHs) can help explain these observations. We show new evidence, based on the combined statistics of Lyman α and β absorption in quasar spectra, that the IGM contains a significant amount of neutral hydrogen, and is experiencing rapid ionization at redshift z~ 6. However, we argue that quasar BHs, even faint ones that are below the detection thresholds of existing optical surveys, are unlikely to drive the evolution of the neutral fraction around this epoch, because they would over–produce the present–day soft X–ray background. On the other hand, the seeds of the z~ 6 quasar BHs likely appeared at much earlier epochs (z~ 20), and produced hard ionizing radiation by accretion. These early BHs are promising candidates to account for the high redshift (z~ 15) ionization implied by the recent cosmic microwave anisotropy data from WMAP. Using a model for the growth of BHs by accretion and mergers in a hierarchical cosmology, we suggest that the early growth of quasars must include a super-Eddington growth phase, and that, although not yet optically identified, the FIRST radio survey may have already detected several thousand >108M⊙ BHs at z>6.