Interplay of asexual and sexual reproduction in bifunctional insects

Ayalon O, Rajendran H. 2025. Interplay of asexual and sexual reproduction in bifunctional insects. Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 22(229), 20250202.

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Abstract
Reproduction is a fundamental biological process, with organisms reproducing sexually, asexually, and, in some cases, utilizing both modes of reproduction within the same population. Does the ability to reproduce through a combination of asexual and sexual modes offer an evolutionary advantage over relying on either mode alone? Here, we introduce an empirically driven theoretical model to examine the dynamics and interplay between sexual and asexual reproduction in stick insect populations. We analyse it using a novel phase transition approach and corroborate it using published experimental data. We find that the presence of males can either increase or decrease the overall population size. However, maintaining an optimal ratio of parthenogenetic to sexual reproduction is crucial for male resilience, effectively delaying male extinction. Conversely, extreme levels of parthenogenetic reproduction—whether too high or too low—can lead to male extinction, emphasizing the need for a balanced number of virgin females to ensure the persistence of males. Our model also explains male absence in Carausius morosus and persistence in Extatosoma tiaratum. Our findings provide valuable insights into the interplay of reproductive strategies and contribute to broader discussions on the transitions between sexual and asexual reproduction.
Publishing Year
Date Published
2025-08-13
Journal Title
Journal of the Royal Society Interface
Publisher
The Royal Society
Acknowledgement
We acknowledge Prof. Uri Alon for introducing us to the topic of systems biology during the graduate course at the Weizmann Institute of Science, whose insights and teachings have greatly inspired this work.
Volume
22
Issue
229
Article Number
20250202
ISSN
eISSN
IST-REx-ID

Cite this

Ayalon O, Rajendran H. Interplay of asexual and sexual reproduction in bifunctional insects. Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 2025;22(229). doi:10.1098/rsif.2025.0202
Ayalon, O., & Rajendran, H. (2025). Interplay of asexual and sexual reproduction in bifunctional insects. Journal of the Royal Society Interface. The Royal Society. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2025.0202
Ayalon, Oran, and Harikrishnan Rajendran. “Interplay of Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Bifunctional Insects.” Journal of the Royal Society Interface. The Royal Society, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2025.0202.
O. Ayalon and H. Rajendran, “Interplay of asexual and sexual reproduction in bifunctional insects,” Journal of the Royal Society Interface, vol. 22, no. 229. The Royal Society, 2025.
Ayalon O, Rajendran H. 2025. Interplay of asexual and sexual reproduction in bifunctional insects. Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 22(229), 20250202.
Ayalon, Oran, and Harikrishnan Rajendran. “Interplay of Asexual and Sexual Reproduction in Bifunctional Insects.” Journal of the Royal Society Interface, vol. 22, no. 229, 20250202, The Royal Society, 2025, doi:10.1098/rsif.2025.0202.

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