Interneuron Diversity series: Fast in, fast out--temporal and spatial signal processing in hippocampal interneurons

The operation of neuronal networks crucially depends on a fast time course of signaling in inhibitory interneurons. Synapses that excite interneurons generate fast currents, owing to the expression of glutamate receptors of specific subunit composition. Interneurons generate brief action potentials in response to transient synaptic activation and discharge repetitively at very high frequencies during sustained stimulation. The ability to generate short-duration action potentials at high frequencies depends on the expression of specific voltage-gated K+ channels. Factors facilitating fast action potential initiation following synaptic excitation include depolarized interneuron resting potential, subthreshold conductances and active dendrites. Finally, GABA release at interneuron output synapses is rapid and highly synchronized, leading to a faster inhibition in postsynaptic interneurons than in principal cells. Thus, the expression of distinct transmitter receptors and voltage-gated ion channels ensures that interneurons operate with high speed and temporal precision.