Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): A spectroscopic VLT monitoring survey of massive stars in the SMC
Shenar T, Bodensteiner J, Sana H, Crowther PA, Lennon DJ, Abdul-Masih M, Almeida LA, Backs F, Berlanas SR, Bernini-Peron M, Bestenlehner JM, Bowman DM, Bronner VA, Britavskiy N, De Koter A, De Mink SE, Deshmukh K, Evans CJ, Fabry M, Gieles M, Gilkis A, González-Torà G, Gräfener G, Götberg YLL, Hawcroft C, Hénault-Brunet V, Herrero A, Holgado G, Janssens S, Johnston C, Josiek J, Justham S, Kalari VM, Katabi ZZ, Keszthelyi Z, Klencki J, Kubát J, Kubátová B, Langer N, Lefever RR, Ludwig B, Mackey J, Mahy L, Maíz Apellániz J, Mandel I, Maravelias G, Marchant P, Menon A, Najarro F, Oskinova LM, O’Grady AJG, Ovadia R, Patrick LR, Pauli D, Pawlak M, Ramachandran V, Renzo M, Rocha DF, Sander AAC, Sayada T, Schneider FRN, Schootemeijer A, Schösser EC, Schürmann C, Sen K, Shahaf S, Simón-Díaz S, Stoop M, Toonen S, Tramper F, Van Loon JT, Valli R, Van Son LAC, Vigna-Gómez A, Villaseñor JI, Vink JS, Wang C, Willcox R. 2024. Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): A spectroscopic VLT monitoring survey of massive stars in the SMC. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 690, A289.
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Author
Shenar, T.;
Bodensteiner, J.;
Sana, H.;
Crowther, P. A.;
Lennon, D. J.;
Abdul-Masih, M.;
Almeida, L. A.;
Backs, F.;
Berlanas, S. R.;
Bernini-Peron, M.;
Bestenlehner, J. M.;
Bowman, D. M.
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All
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Abstract
Surveys in the Milky Way and Large Magellanic Cloud have revealed that the majority of massive stars will interact with companions during their lives. However, knowledge of the binary properties of massive stars at low metallicity, and therefore in conditions approaching those of the Early Universe, remain sparse. We present the Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM) campaign, an ESO large programme designed to obtain 25 epochs of spectroscopy for 929 massive stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud, allowing us to probe multiplicity in the lowest-metallicity conditions to date (Z = 0.2 Z⊙). BLOeM will provide (i) the binary fraction, (ii) the orbital configurations of systems with periods of P ≲ 3 yr, (iii) dormant black-hole binary candidates (OB+BH), and (iv) a legacy database of physical parameters of massive stars at low metallicity. Main sequence (OB-type) and evolved (OBAF-type) massive stars are observed with the LR02 setup of the GIRAFFE instrument of the Very Large Telescope (3960–4570 Å resolving power R = 6200; typical signal-to-noise ratio(S/N) ≈70–100). This paper utilises the first nine epochs obtained over a three-month time period. We describe the survey and data reduction, perform a spectral classification of the stacked spectra, and construct a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram of the sample via spectral-type and photometric calibrations. Our detailed classification reveals that the sample covers spectral types from O4 to F5, spanning the effective temperature and luminosity ranges 6.5 ≲ Teff/kK ≲ 45 and 3.7 < log L/L⊙ < 6.1 and initial masses of 8 ≲ Mini ≲ 80 M⊙. The sample comprises 159 O-type stars, 331 early B-type (B0–3) dwarfs and giants (luminosity classes V–III), 303 early B-type supergiants (II–I), and 136 late-type BAF supergiants. At least 82 stars are OBe stars: 20 O-type and 62 B-type (13% and 11% of the respective samples). In addition, the sample includes 4 high-mass X-ray binaries, 3 stars resembling luminous blue variables, 2 bloated stripped-star candidates, 2 candidate magnetic stars, and 74 eclipsing binaries.
Publishing Year
Date Published
2024-10-01
Journal Title
Astronomy & Astrophysics
Publisher
EDP Sciences
Acknowledgement
The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement numbers 772225: MULTIPLES). PAC and JMB are supported by the Science and Technology Facilities Council research grant ST/V000853/1 (PI. V. Dhillon). DMB gratefully acknowledges support from UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) in the form of a Frontier Research grant under the UK government’s ERC Horizon Europe funding guarantee (SYMPHONY; PI Bowman; grant number: EP/Y031059/1), and a Royal Society University Research Fellowship (PI Bowman; grant number: URF\R1\231631). ZK acknowledges support from JSPS Kakenhi Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (23K19071). IM acknowledges support from the Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery (OzGrav), through project number CE230100016. AACS, VR, RRL, and MBP are funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) in the form of an Emmy Noether Research Group – Project-ID 445674056 (SA4064/1-1, PI Sander). GGT and JJ are supported by the German Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) under Project-ID 496854903 (SA4064/2-1, PI Sander) VR, GGT, and AACS further acknowledge support from the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and the Baden-Württemberg Ministry of Science as part of the Excellence Strategy of the German Federal and State Governments. ECS acknowledges financial support by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action (BMWK) via the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, DLR) grant 50 OR 2306 (PI: Ramachandran/Sander). This work has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant agreement No. 945806) and is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany’s Excellence Strategy EXC 2181/1-390900948 (the Heidelberg STRUCTURES Excellence Cluster). LMO is thankful for the funding provided by the DFG grant 443790621. This paper benefited from discussions at the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern through ISSI International Team project 512 (Multiwavelength View on Massive Stars in the Era of Multimessenger Astronomy). DP acknowledges financial support by the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt (DLR) grant FKZ 50OR2005. JIV acknowledges the European Research Council for support from the ERC Advanced grant ERC-2021-ADG101054731. JSV is supported by STFC (Science and Technology Facilities Council) funding under grant number ST/V000233/1. GH, SS-D, SRB and AH acknowledge support from the State Research Agency (AEI) of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICIN) and the European Regional Development Fund, FEDER under grants PID2021-122397NB-C21 and CEX2019-000920-S. SRB also acknowledges financial support by NextGeneration EU/PRTR and MIU (UNI/551/2021) through grant Margarita Salas-ULL. DFR is thankful for the support of the CAPES-Br and FAPERJ/DSC-10 (SEI-260003/001630/2023). F.N., and L.R.P. acknowledge support by grants PID2019-105552RB-C41 and PID2022-137779OB-C41 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 by “ERDF A way of making Europe”. MG acknowledges financial support from the grants PID2021-125485NB-C22, CEX2019-000918-M funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 (State Agency for Research of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation) and SGR-2021-01069 (AGAUR). GM acknowledges funding support from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant agreement No. 772086). JMA acknowledges support from the Spanish Government Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación and Agencia Estatal de Investigación (10.13 039/501 100 011 033) through grant PID2022-136640 NB-C22 and from the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) through grant 2022-AEP 005. MP is supported by the BEKKER fellowship BPN/BEK/2022/1/00106 from the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange. KS is funded by the National Science Center (NCN), Poland, under grant number OPUS 2021/41/B/ST9/00757. JM acknowledges support from a Royal Society-Science Foundation Ireland University Research Fellowship. SJ acknowledges support from the FWO PhD fellowship under project 11E1721N. FB acknowledges the support of the European Research Council (ERC) Horizon Europe under grant agreement number 101044048.
Volume
690
Article Number
A289
ISSN
eISSN
IST-REx-ID
Cite this
Shenar T, Bodensteiner J, Sana H, et al. Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): A spectroscopic VLT monitoring survey of massive stars in the SMC. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2024;690. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202451586
Shenar, T., Bodensteiner, J., Sana, H., Crowther, P. A., Lennon, D. J., Abdul-Masih, M., … Willcox, R. (2024). Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): A spectroscopic VLT monitoring survey of massive stars in the SMC. Astronomy & Astrophysics. EDP Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202451586
Shenar, T., J. Bodensteiner, H. Sana, P. A. Crowther, D. J. Lennon, M. Abdul-Masih, L. A. Almeida, et al. “Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): A Spectroscopic VLT Monitoring Survey of Massive Stars in the SMC.” Astronomy & Astrophysics. EDP Sciences, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202451586.
T. Shenar et al., “Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): A spectroscopic VLT monitoring survey of massive stars in the SMC,” Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol. 690. EDP Sciences, 2024.
Shenar T, Bodensteiner J, Sana H, Crowther PA, Lennon DJ, Abdul-Masih M, Almeida LA, Backs F, Berlanas SR, Bernini-Peron M, Bestenlehner JM, Bowman DM, Bronner VA, Britavskiy N, De Koter A, De Mink SE, Deshmukh K, Evans CJ, Fabry M, Gieles M, Gilkis A, González-Torà G, Gräfener G, Götberg YLL, Hawcroft C, Hénault-Brunet V, Herrero A, Holgado G, Janssens S, Johnston C, Josiek J, Justham S, Kalari VM, Katabi ZZ, Keszthelyi Z, Klencki J, Kubát J, Kubátová B, Langer N, Lefever RR, Ludwig B, Mackey J, Mahy L, Maíz Apellániz J, Mandel I, Maravelias G, Marchant P, Menon A, Najarro F, Oskinova LM, O’Grady AJG, Ovadia R, Patrick LR, Pauli D, Pawlak M, Ramachandran V, Renzo M, Rocha DF, Sander AAC, Sayada T, Schneider FRN, Schootemeijer A, Schösser EC, Schürmann C, Sen K, Shahaf S, Simón-Díaz S, Stoop M, Toonen S, Tramper F, Van Loon JT, Valli R, Van Son LAC, Vigna-Gómez A, Villaseñor JI, Vink JS, Wang C, Willcox R. 2024. Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): A spectroscopic VLT monitoring survey of massive stars in the SMC. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 690, A289.
Shenar, T., et al. “Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): A Spectroscopic VLT Monitoring Survey of Massive Stars in the SMC.” Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol. 690, A289, EDP Sciences, 2024, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202451586.
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